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Demons (Dostoyevsky novel)
''Demons'' ((ロシア語:Бесы), ''Bésy'') is an anti-nihilistic novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in the journal ''The Russian Messenger'' in 1871-2.〔Dostoevsky, Fyodor. ''Demons'' trans. Robert A. Maguire. Penguin Books, 2008. Chronology x〕 It is the third of the four great novels written by Dostoyevsky after his return from Siberian exile, the others being ''Crime and Punishment'' (1866), ''The Idiot'' (1869) and ''The Brothers Karamazov'' (1880). ''Demons'' is a social and political satire, a psychological drama, and large scale tragedy. Joyce Carol Oates has described it as "Dostoevsky's most confused and violent novel, and his most satisfyingly 'tragic' work."〔"http://www.usfca.edu/jco/tragicritesindostoyevskysthepossessed/ Joyce Carol Oates: Tragic Rites In Dostoevsky's ''The Possessed'' p3〕
''Demons'' is an allegory of the potentially catastrophic consequences of the political and moral nihilism that were becoming prevalent in Russia in the 1860s. A fictional Russian town descends into chaos as it becomes the focal point of an attempted revolution, orchestrated by master conspirator Pyotr Verkhovensky. The mysterious aristocratic figure of Nikolai Stavrogin—Verkhovensky's counterpart in the moral sphere—dominates the book, exercising an extraordinary influence over the hearts and minds of almost all the other characters. The idealistic, western-influenced generation of the 1840s, epitomized in the character of Stepan Verkhovensky (who is both Pyotr Verkhovensky's father and Nikolai Stavrogin's childhood teacher), are presented as the unconscious progenitors and helpless accomplices of the 'demonic' forces that take possession of the town.〔Wasiolek, Edward (1964). Dostoevsky: The Major Fiction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. p. 112〕
According to Ronald Hingley, ''Demons'' is Dostoyevsky's "greatest onslaught on Nihilism" and constitutes "an awesome, prophetic warning which humanity...shows alarmingly few signs of heeding." He describes it as "one of humanity's most impressive achievements—perhaps even its supreme achievement—in the art of prose fiction."
==Background==
In late 1860s Russia there was an unusual level of political unrest caused by student groups influenced by liberal, socialist and revolutionary ideas imported from Europe. In 1869, Dostoevsky conceived the idea of a 'pamphlet novel' directed against the radicals. He focused on the group organized by young agitator Sergey Nechayev, particularly their brutal murder of a former comrade at the Petrovskaya Agricultural Academy in Moscow. Prior to this, Dostoevsky had been working on a philosophical novel (entitled 'The Life of a Great Sinner') examining the psychological and moral implications of atheism. The political polemic and the psychological novel were merged into a single larger scale project, which became ''Demons''.
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